Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine, which has brightening and pigmentation-reducing properties. Research has shown its effectiveness rivals that of gold standard hydroquinone. Tranexamic acid works by inhibiting the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for dark spots and discoloration. By reducing melanin production, it helps fade existing pigmentation and prevents the formation of new discoloration. Besides, it maintains the skin barrier function and reduces skin vascularization, thereby decreasing redness.

Niacinamide is also known as vitamin B3. It helps to refine the look of pores and reduces inflammation. It strengthens the skin’s barrier, preventing moisture loss and damage from environmental stressors.
Niacinamide reduces the transfer of melanin to the skin, thereby improving the appearance of skin tone. It helps to reduce pigmentation, age spots and melasma, and brighten the skin.

Bakuchiol is a plant-derived ingredient, which found in the leaves and seeds of the Psoralea corylifolia plant. It is considered gentle and well-tolerated, making it suitable for individuals with sensitive skin who may not tolerate traditional retinoids. Bakuchiol promotes cell turnover, which helps to fade dark spots and improve overall skin texture. It visibly reduces photo-damage (discolorations from environmental exposure) and helps even out skin tone. Bakuchiol increases the appearance of skin’s firmness, in turn reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.